Tennessee Williams
Writer

One of the 20th century's greatest playwrights, Thomas Lanier Williams III was born on 26 March 1911, in Columbus, Mississippi. A weakly child, he made up for his lack of physical activity by honing his imagination and creating stories-something that was encouraged by a doting mother.

His relationship with his mother, a Southern gentlewoman, was far better than with his father, an overbearing shoe salesman who had little in common with Tom. The nickname Tennessee, which he was to adopt professionally, was given to him by his classmates at university, who were amused by his Southern drawl.

Tennessee had a brother, Dakin, and a sister, Rose. His relationship with Rose was particularly close; she suffered from mental illness, and this theme is one that is often associated with Williams' work, mainly thanks to Summer and Smoke and A Streetcar Named Desire.

He himself suffered from depression at various times in his life, but escaped the mental collapse that led her family to having Rose lobotomised. She never recovered from this operation, and Tennessee was to provide financially for her, and be haunted by her condition, for the rest of his life. A lobotomy is threatened in Suddenly Last Summer, and the fear of descending into the same level of madness as his sister was a permanent, if background, concern.

These family skeletons may have helped propel Tennessee into alcoholism, but other factors include the death of his long-term lover Frank Merlo in 1963. Williams, whose sexuality permeates his works, was never to write another major hit after Merlo's death.

His plays, which often have a strong level of autobiography, are as popular on this side of the Atlantic as in his native United States. This is partly because they are extraordinarily powerful dramas. Partly, however, it is because they deal with decline, loss and longing. They are shot through with nostalgia: for youth, for vanished good looks, for a genteel past of gracious living, and for a somewhat romanticised world of the Deep South.

These themes had a resonance for British audiences who flocked to Gone With the Wind, Margaret Mitchell's love-letter to the pre-Civil War Southern way of life. Those same audiences, now conditioned with a nostalgia for the South, had, since the end of World War II (when Williams' work became known in this country) been facing their own version of decline, with the bankruptcy of the nation after six years of war.

In an age of increased rationing and austerity, plays that harked back to a gentler, more civilised way of life, while regretting the more brutal present, were bound to find an audience in a Britain which, according to American Secretary of State Dean Acherson, had "lost an Empire and not yet found a role".

The plays' sense of loss, their looking back to the past and to what might have been (particularly strong in Summer and Smoke) in a tone of poetic despair, chimed perfectly with the long-standing English love of nostalgia. If, as L P Hartley observed in The Go-Between, 'the past is a foreign country', then it could be argued that it is the English traveller's favourite holiday destination.

Audiences brought up on AE Housman's A Shropshire Lad, obsessed as those hugely popular poems are with early death and lost happiness, easily identified with Williams' heroines, who yearned for past beauty, gracious living and a long-gone sense of hope.

In the late 1940s, when Williams' plays were first performed in London, the theatrical fashion was for verse drama of the highly stylised form produced by TS Eliot and Christopher Fry. Williams' poetic sensibility fitted perfectly with this trend, though it has to be said that less refined members of the audience were more interested in the passion they expected to see than the poetry they were listening to.

For example, when Laurence Olivier directed his wife, Vivien Leigh, in A Streetcar Named Desire at the Aldwych Theatre in 1949 (she later filmed the role with Marlon Brando, winning her second Oscar in the process), Olivier was appalled at how many theatregoers seemed to have bought their tickets in the hope of seeing Miss Leigh ravished on stage in the rape scene.

Although Tennessee Williams' life was to be marred, on a personal level, by the refusal of critics to acclaim his later plays, his classic works have always found an audience, and several less well-known ones have been successfully revived in recent years-including Not About Nightingales at the National Theatre (1998) and Something Cloudy, Something Clear at the Finborough (2003).

Tennessee Williams died in 1983, choking to death on the cap of a bottle of pills. Today, he is remembered as a superb theatrical craftsman with an unrivalled ability to create heroines whose tragedy lies in their inability to completely connect with the real world. The tragedies of his own life echoed those of his stage characters, giving an extra depth to our interest in his work.

His funeral may have been as frustrating as his life-he had wanted to be buried at sea, near the poet Hart Crane, but was instead interred on land, in St Louis-but his art lives on wherever his damaged leading ladies, like Miss Alma in Summer and Smoke, battle with their demons nightly on the stage.

Paul Webb
© John Good
Reproduced with permission



Adrian Noble
Director

RSC Artistic Director, Chief Executive 1990-2003
His most recent theatre productions include: The Home Place by Brian Friel at the Abbey
and West End, Brand by Ibsen starring Ralph Fiennes, Pericles at the Roundhouse in
Stratford and in the West End and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the London Palladium
starring Michael Ball.

RSC season 2000 Director of The Secret Garden (RST).
Adrian Noble was educated at the Chichester High School and the University of Bristol. His
professional training began at the London Drama Centre, and he moved from there into
community theatre and young people’s theatre at the Trinity Arts Centre, Birmingham.
In 1976 he went to the Bristol Old Vic on a Thames TV Director’s Bursary, where he was first
a Resident Director and then an Associate Director.
In 1980 and 1981 at the Royal Exchange Theatre Company in Manchester he directed The
Duchess of Malfi (for which he won both the Plays and the Players’ London Drama Critics’ award
and the Drama Critics’ award and the Drama award jointly with A Doll’s House) and Dr Faustus.
In 1980 he joined the RSC as Assistant Director, becoming an Associate Director almost
immediately. His first production for the RSC was Ostrovsky’s The Forest, which transferred first
to the Warehouse and then to the Aldwych and was named best revival in 1981 Drama awards.
In 1988 he was appointed by Terry Hands to be Artistic Director of the RSC whole Stratford
season and in 1989 went on to be Artistic Director of the RSC London season.
His RSC productions include: A Doll’s House, A New Way to Pay Old Debts. The Comedy
of Errors, Measure for Measure, King Lear, Antony and Cleopatra, The Winter’s Tale,
Henry V, Desert Air, As You Like It, Macbeth, Kiss Me, Kate, The Art of Success, The
Plantagenets and The Master Builder.

In 1989 Adrian left the RSC to pursue an independent career and directed The Art of
Success at the Manhattan Theatre Club and Chekhov’s Three Sisters at the Gate Theatre,
Dublin and The Royal Court Theatre.

Adrian has directed Don Giovanni for Kent Opera, The Duchess of Malfi in a circus tent in
Paris, The Faerie Queen for the Peter Hall Company at the Aix-en Provence Festival and a
Japanese production of Twelfth Night. He was also a member of the 1989 Gulbenkian
Enquiry into Training Directors.

Adrian Noble assumed overall responsibility for the RSC in March 1991 and has since
directed highly successful productions of: Henry IV parts I and II (Stratford 1991/92), The
Thebans (Stratford 1991/92), The Winter’s Tale (Stratford 1992/93), Hamlet (Barbican
1992, Stratford 1993), Travesties (Barbican 1993, and on tour), Macbeth (Barbican 1993,
Stratford 1994), King Lear (Barbican Theatre 1994, Stratford 1993), Travesties (Savoy
Theatre 1994), A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Stratford 1994, Barbican 1994, and
Broadway), Romeo and Juliet (Stratford 1995, Barbican 1995), The Cherry Orchard
(Stratford 1996, Barbican 1997), Cymbeline (Stratford 1997, Barbican 1997/98), Twelfth
Night (Stratford 1997/98), The Tempest (Stratford 1998), The Lion, the Witch and the
Wardrobe (Stratford, Barbican 1998/9), The Family Reunion (Stratford, Barbican
1999/2000), The Seagull (Stratford, Barbican 1999/2000), Il Ritorno d’Ulysse (Aix-en-
Provence 2000), The Secret Garden (Stratford, London 2000/01).
His film A Midsummer Night’s Dream was released in 1996. His production of The Lion,
the Witch and the Wardrobe opened at Sadler’s Wells Theatre in December 2000 and was
revived in Stratford in 2002.

Adrian has been awarded D.Litt from Birmingham University (1994) and Bristol University (1996).




Peter McKintosh
Set Design

Previous theatre work includes:
For the West End: Donkey’s Years, The Home Place, The Birthday Party, A Woman of No
Importance, Boston Marriage.

For the Royal Shakespeare Company: King John, Brand, The Merry Wives of Windsor,
Pericles, Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass.
For the National Theatre: Honk!, Widowers’ Houses.
Other theatre work includes: Romance (Almeida), The Home Place (Gate
Dublin), Honk! (UK tour, Boston, Chicago, Tokyo and Singapore), The Scarlet Letter, Just
So, Pal Joey (Chichester), Hilda (Hampstead), The Rivals (Bristol Old Vic), The Wizard of
Oz (Birmingham Rep), The Black Dahlia (Yale Repertory Company), Romeo and Juliet
(Washington DC), The Romans in Britain (costumes), Assassins, Ain’t Misbehavin’,
Guys and Dolls (Crucible Theatre, Sheffield), The 39 Steps (Tricycle), Five Kinds of Silence
(Lyric, Hammersmith).

Opera includes: the world premiere of The Handmaid’s Tale (Royal Danish Opera, English
National Opera, Canadian Opera), UK premiere of Michael Nyman's Love Counts (Almeida Opera).

Dance includes: Cut to the Chase (English National Ballet).
Peter Mumford Lighting Design Peter works as a lighting and set designer and director in opera, theatre and television. Recent theatre includes: Exiles (NT); A Voyage Round My Father (Donmar Warehouse and West End); Richard II (The Old Vic); Hedda Gabler (Almeida); Blithe Spirit (Savoy); Macbeth (RSC at the Albery); The Playboy of the Western World (Abbey, Dublin and US tour); The Goat (Almeida and West End); As You Like It, Man and Superman and Don Juan (Peter Hall Seasons at Theatre Royal, Bath 2003-2005); Brand (RSC and West End); Private Lives (West End and Broadway); Hamlet (RSC); The Talking Cure, Vincent in
Brixton, Luther, The Merchant of Venice and Summerfolk (NT).

Opera includes: Il trovatore (Paris Opera); Passion (Minnesota Opera); La traviata (Antwerp
Opera); Siegfried, Gotterdammerung, Fidelio, Don Giovanni (Scottish Opera); Madame
Butterfly (also Metropolitan Opera), Così fan tutte, Poppea (ENO); Giulio Cesare (Bordeaux
Opera); Eugene Onegin, The Bartered Bride (ROH).

Dance includes: productions for Siobhan Davies, the Royal Ballet, Rambert Dance Company,
Birmingham Royal Ballet and recently The Nutcracker, 32 Cryptograms, Cinderella
(Scottish Ballet).

Set and lighting designs include: Dying City (Royal Court); Private Lives (Peter Hall Season
in Bath); Peter Pan (NBT); co-directed/designed sets and lighting for L’Heure Espagnole/
L’Enfant et les sortileges (Opera Zuid).

Television includes: directing the BBC series 48 Preludes and Fugues; Director of
Photography for The Little Prince, Jenuº fa and Richard II (BBC2); directed TV adaptation of
Mathew Bourne's Swan Lake (BBC, Emmy nomination); The Glass Blew In by Siobhan
Davies (1995 Olivier award for Dance); Fearful Symmetries (Royal Ballet) and the 2003
Best Lighting Olivier award for Bacchai (NT).



John Leonard
Sound Design

John Leonard started work in theatre sound 35 years ago, during which time he has
provided soundtracks for theatres all over the world.

Recent productions include: 2000 Years, Paul, The Un Inspector and Jumpers (also
West End and Broadway) at the National; Antony and Cleopatra, Much Ado About
Nothing and The Prisoner’s Dilema for the RSC; The Old Masters and The Birthday
Party for Birmingham Rep and West End; The Odd Couple, The Entertainer, Still Life,
The Astonished Heart, Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom and The Anniversary at Liverpool
Playhouse; Cinderella and The Dumb Waiter at Oxford Playhouse; The Merry Wives
of Windsor, Cymbeline and Twelfth Night for Ludlow Festival; Becket, Les Liaisons
Dangereuses, Sweet Panic, Absolutely!, Perhaps, The Anniversary, Losing Louis,
The Master Builder (also tour), and Private Lives (also Broadway) in the West End;
How to Act Around Cops, Flush, Mercy, and Colder Than Here at the Soho Theatre;
Midnight’s Children in London, on tour and USA, Sunday Father at Hampstead; The
Mercy Seat, I.D, Whistling Psyche, Brighton Rock, Macbeth, Hedda Gabler and The
Hypochondriac at the Almeida; Guantanamo at the Tricycle and West End; Under Milk
Wood for the Wales Theatre Company; and Madame Tussaud's Exhibitions in New York,
Warwick Castle and Amsterdam.

Most recently, he has been working with Druid Theatre Company in Galway and Dublin
on Druidsynge – Garry Hynes's acclaimed cycle of the six plays of JM Synge also
presented at the Guthrie Theatre, Minneapolis and in New York as part of the Lincoln
Center Festival, Mike Leigh’s 2000 Years transfer to the NT’s Lyttleton Theatre, Embers,
for Michael Blakemore at the Duke of York’s Theatre, Smaller for Kathy Burke on tour
and at the Lyric Theatre, Best of Friends for James Roose Evans at Hampstead Theatre
and on a national tour, Michael Frayn’s Donkey’s Years for Jeremy Sams at the
Comedy Theatre and Romeo and Juliet for the Royal Shakespeare Company as part of
their Complete Works season.

John has won Drama Desk and Sound Designer of the Year awards, and is an Honorary
Fellow of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. His book on Theatre Sound is now
in preparation for its second edition.



Deirdre Clancy
Costume Designer

From the 1960s to the present day, Deirdre Clancy’s designs have been centre stage in
the evolution of world theatre. She designed the seminal world premieres at the Royal
Court of DH Lawrence’s Trilogy, Joe Orton’s plays and Edward Bond’s Lear and Early
Morning (which entered history as the production that ended stage censorship). Since
then she has designed costumes for the RSC, ROH, RNT and ENO, as well as working with
such internationally renowned directors as Sir Peter Hall, Ian Judge, Adrian Noble and
Anthony Page on over 100 productions in Europe, North America, Japan and Australia.
Deirdre holds three of the highest honours in British drama: the BAFTA award for Best
Costume Design for Mrs Brown starring Dame Judi Dench and two Olivier awards for
Best Costume Design for Love’s Labour’s Lost and All’s Well That Ends Well both for
RSC. She also received Olivier nominations for A Month in the Country starring Helen
Mirren and Twelfth Night. As well as Mrs Brown, Deirdre’s film work includes Tom’s
Midnight Garden with Greta Scacchi and Dame Joan Plowright, The Clandestine
Marriage starring Joan Collins, Nigel Hawthorne and Timothy Spall, and the BBC TV series
Wives and Daughters. Her most recent film, also for the BBC, is a contemporary comedy,
Confetti, starring Alison Steadman, Jimmy Carr and Martin Freeman and went on release
in May 2006.

Other prominent theatre productions include: Così fan tutte at the New York Metropolitan
Opera with Dame Kiri Te Kanawa; Simon Boccanegra at Covent Garden and Washington
National Opera with Placido Domingo; West End /Broadway productions of Strange
Interlude with Glenda Jackson and A Doll’s House with Janet McTeer; a US tour of the
RNT production of Wild Honey with Sir Ian McKellen and The Master Builder with
Patrick Stewart.

As well as designing, Deirdre is a painter and has numerous exhibitions. Her portraits,
which include Dame Judi Dench, Patrick Stewart and other celebrities and friends, can be
viewed at http://www.clancy.uk.com. In 2003 Deirdre Clancy was awarded an honorary
doctorate by the University of Central England. She also directs the Cherubim Music Trust,
a musical charity that loans professional quality instruments to young musicians.
See http://www.cherubimtrust.org.




Maggie Lunn
Casting Director

Almeida productions include: Tom and Viv, Enemies, Hedda Gabler, Festen, The Goat,
or Who Is Sylvia?, The Hypochondriac, Period of Adjustment, Blood Wedding.
West End includes: Cabaret, The Night of the Iguana, Dirty Dancing.
The Old Vic: Hamlet, Richard II, A Moon for the Misbegotten.
Recent television includes: Trial and Retribution, The Family Man, The Lavender
List, A for Andromeda. Film includes: Notes on a Scandal.



Stanhope Productions

Kim Poster founded Stanhope Productions, a theatrical producing company, in 2001. Productions include: ; Tennessee William’s Summer and Smoke starring Rosamund Pike, directed by Adrian Noble (Nottingham Playhouse, West End); Michael Hastings’ Tom and Viv directed by Lyndsay Posner (in association with the Almeida); The Rubenstein Kiss starring Samantha Bond, written and directed by James Phillips (Hampstead Theatre); Osborne’s Epitaph for George Dillon starring Joe Fiennes and Francesca Annis, directed by Peter Gill (Comedy Theatre); Telstar (General Management) (New Ambassadors); Anouilh’s Becket starring Dougray Scott and Jasper Britton directed by John Caird (Theatre Royal Haymarket); Singular Sensations featuring Barbara Cook, Michael Feinstein, Michael Ball and Joshua Rifkin (Theatre Royal Haymarket); Oscar Wilde’s A Woman of No Importance starring Rupert Graves, Samantha Bond, Prunella Scales, Rachael Stirling, directed by Adrian Noble (Theatre Royal Haymarket); Ibsen’s Brand starring Ralph Fiennes, directed by Adrian Noble (Theatre Royal Haymarket) (in association with the Royal Shakespeare Company); Franz Xaver Kroetz’s Through the Leaves starring Simon Callow and Ann Mitchell, directed by Daniel Kramer (Duchess Theatre, April 2003); August Wilson’s Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom starring Whoopi Goldberg and Charles Dutton, directed by Marion McClinton (Royale Theatre, Broadway); Bernard Shaw’s Mrs Warren’s Profession starring Brenda Blythen and Rebecca Hall, directed by Peter Hall Royal (Strand Theatre and on tour in the UK starring Twiggy); The Royal Court’s The York Realist written and directed by Peter Gill (Strand Theatre); Oscar Wilde’s Lady Windermere’s Fan starring Vanessa Redgrave and Joely Richardson, directed by Peter Hall (Theatre Royal Haymarket); The Royal Family by George S. Kaufman and Edna Ferber, starring Judi Dench, Harriet Walter, Julia McKenzie, Toby Stephens and Peter Bowles, directed by Peter Hall (Theatre Royal Haymarket); Jitney by August Wilson (Lyttleton Theatre, Royal National Theatre)(Olivier Award/Best Play 2002); The Royal National Theatre’s An Inspector Calls directed by Stephen Daldry (Playhouse Theatre). Future productions include Arthur Miller’s A View From the Bridge, Winter 2007. Previously, she produced Peter Shaffer’s Amadeus starring David Suchet and Michael Sheen, directed by Peter Hall (Old Vic)(5 Olivier Nominations) and thereafter transferred Amadeus (Music Box, Broadway) (2 Tony Nominations/Best Revival and Best Leading Actor); Lenny starring Eddie Izzard at the Queen’s Theatre; Grand Hotel: The Musical directed by Tommy Tune (Martin Beck Theatre, Broadway) (7 Tony Awards) which subsequently transferred to the Dominion Theatre; Tolstoy by James Goldman starring F Murray Abraham and Gemma Jones, directed by Jack Hofsiss (Aldwych Theatre).

Regional US theatrical productions include: Hedda Gabler; The Guardsman; The Taming of the Shrew; The Royal Family; Gypsy; Carnival; The King & I; Guys & Dolls; and Bitter Sweet. Ms Poster joined IRS Media Inc. as Vice President of Production in 1992, overseeing various theatrical motion pictures including TOM AND VIV starring Miranda Richardson, Willem Dafoe and Rosemary Harris (Miramax, 2 Academy Award Nominations / Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress); One False Move directed by Carl Franklin starring Billy Bob Thorton; Man Facing South East (Co-Producer); A Sailor’s Tattoo written by James Goldman; and A Woman’s a Hellava Thing (Co-Producer). Ms Poster served as creative consultant at Paramount Pictures Corporation, 1988-91. Projects included Reno & Yolande (Paramount/CBS/Series); and <b>Miss Pendleton’s Point of View (Garry Marshall/Executive Producer-Paramount/CBS/Pilot). Previously, she acted as administrative coordinator for The New York Lyric Opera Company, administrative director for L'Ensemble, Inc. (a leading chamber music group in New York and Europe) and as associate artistic director of First Stages, Inc., a theatre company established to promote new works.

Ms Poster graduated from Northwestern University (B.S., Cum Laud, Major: Theatre 1980), Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law (J.D., 1983/6, Samuel Belkin Scholar and Service Award for Contribution to Excellence in Education/Editor-in-Chief, ASILS International Law Journal) and the Hague Academy of International Law in Hague, The Netherlands (Certificate of Excellence, 1985). She was admitted to the New York Bar in March 1987 and the California Bar in December 1989 and has worked as an entertainment attorney in New York and California.



Bulldog Theatrical

Jack Thomas’s most recent production was John Cariani’s romantic comedy Almost,
Maine at the Daryl Roth Theatre in New York, directed by Tony nominee Gabriel
Barre. His company, Bulldog Theatrical, was a producer of Stephen Adly Guirgis’ Our
Lady of 121st Street, directed by Philip Seymour Hoffman, honored as one of the best
plays of the New York season in 2003. Jack and Susan Egan co-produced the York
Theatre’s musical No Way to Treat a Lady by Douglas J Cohen, directed by Scott
Schwartz. Summer and Smoke marks his West End producing debut.



Janet Robinson

Janet Robinson was co-founder of Group Sales Box Office and is currently Vice-President
of Theatrical Direct International/Broadway.com, the world’s largest independent seller of
theatre tickets. She produced the Tony nominated musical version of Jane Eyre, directed
by John Caird (Broadway); Crossing Delancy, Beirut and Avow by Bill C Davis, starring
Jane Powell, directed by Jack Hofsiss (off Broadway); Mack and Mabel (Paper Mill
Playhouse); Becket (Theatre Royal Haymarket) and Rubenstein Kiss (Hampstead
Theatre). She was a founding member of the award-winning MCC Theatre. She is very
happy to be working again with her long time associate Kim Poster.



Edward H. Richard

While still in High School, Ed earned his Actors Equity card as an apprentice at The Litchfield Summer Theater in Litchfield, Connecticut. As a Drama and Communications Major at Antioch College, he spent two summers with the Antioch Area Theater’s Shakespeare Festival directed by Arthur Lithgow (father of John). During and after college, while pursuing a successful business career, he also appeared in Winterset (directed by Arthur Lithgow), John Patrick’s The Hasty Heart which he later directed, C.Odets The Flowering Peach, My Three Angels, Bus Stop, The Rainmaker, and numerous other productions. In 1995, he became associated with The La Jolla Playhouse as a member of its board of trustees. He later became Treasurer of the Playhouse, and helped negotiate for several productions that went on to Broadway including Jane Eyre, and Thoroughly Modern Millie, which won several Tony’s including best musical, among other productions. He was in the producing group for the revival of How To Succeed starring Mathew Broderick (directed by Des Mcanuff), and most recently, the smash hit Jersey Boys, also directed by Des Mcanuff. A life-long devotee of Theater, Art and Music, he and his partner, Warren Kendrick are avid art collectors. Ed also serves on the board and executive committee of the San Diego Symphony. He is immediate past chair of Mainly Mozart, and remains on that board as well. He is delighted to be associated with his good friend Janet Robinson and Stanhope Productions in this exciting venture.



Fast Track Pictures
Fast Track Pictures is a Los Angeles based film, television, talent management and
theatrical production company. The company's founding member, Bradley R Bernstein,
and his partner Alisandra M Rand are proud to be co-producing this production of
Summer and Smoke. Fast Track’s other Broadway and West End stage productions in
association with Stanhope Productions include: Becket by Jean Anouilh, directed by
John Caird, starring Dougray Scott and Jasper Britton; Singular Sensations featuring
Barbara Cook, Michael Feinstein and Michael Ball; A Woman of No Importance by
Oscar Wilde, directed by Adrian Noble, starring Rupert Graves and Samantha Bond;
Brand by Henrik Ibsen, starring Ralph Fiennes; Through the Leaves by Franz Xaver
Kroetz, starring Simon Callow; Mrs Warren’s Profession by Bernard Shaw, starring
Brenda Blethyn and Rebecca Hall; Lady Windermere’s Fan by Oscar Wilde, starring
Vanessa Redgrave and Joely Richardson; An Inspector Calls directed by Stephen
Daldry; the Olivier Award-winning Jitney by August Wilson; and Peter Shaffer’s
Amadeus starring David Suchet and Michael Sheen, directed by Sir Peter Hall (Tony
nominations: Best Revival, Best Leading Actor). Mr Bernstein graduated from Skidmore
College, Saratoga Springs, New York, with a BA in English History in 1992 and went on
to become an editor for Fleetway Editions Ltd in London (1992-1994) and VP of
Electronic Games Distribution for Egmont Gruppen, Copenhagen (1994-1995).